The prevalence of jaundice differs among patient populations newborns and elderly more commonly present with the disease. Hemolytic anemias, extravasation of blood in tissues, dyserythropoiesis.Parasitic infections (e.g., Ascaris lumbricoides, liver flukes). Tumors (e.g., cholangiocarcinoma, head of pancreas cancer).Drugs & Toxins - oral contraceptives, rifampin, probenecid, steroids, chlorpromazine, herbal medications (e.g., Jamaican bush tea, kava kava), arsenicĮxtrahepatic cholestasis (biliary obstruction).Infiltrative diseases (e.g., amyloidosis, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis).Cholestatic liver disease-Primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis.Hepatocellular disease - Viral hepatitis A, B, D alcoholic hepatitis cirrhosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, EBV, CMV, HSV, Wilson, autoimmune.Etiologyĭefect of canalicular organic anion transport ĭefect of sinusoidal reuptake of conjugated bilirubinĭecreased intrahepatic excretion of bilirubin Yellowing of skin sparing the sclerae is indicative of carotenoderma which occurs in healthy individuals who consume excessive carotene-rich foods. Icterus acts as an essential clinical indicator for liver disease, apart from various other insults. īilirubin has two components: unconjugated(indirect) and conjugated(direct), and hence elevation of any of these can result in jaundice. With further increase in serum bilirubin levels, the skin will progressively discolor ranging from lemon yellow to apple green, especially if the process is long-standing the green color is due to biliverdin. Sclerae have a high affinity for bilirubin due to their high elastin content. The normal serum levels of bilirubin are less than 1mg/dl however, the clinical presentation of jaundice as scleral icterus (peripheral yellowing of the eye sclera), is best appreciated only when the levels reach more than 3 mg/dl. Deposition of bilirubin happens only when there is an excess of bilirubin, a sign of increased production or impaired excretion. Jaundice, also known as hyperbilirubinemia, is a yellow discoloration of the body tissue resulting from the accumulation of an excess of bilirubin.
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